Hmeichhiate Leh Dan

Ram dinhmun leh nitin khawsakna nunphungin hma a sawn mek zel laia kan thanhnanpui ve tur thil pawimawh tak chu Dan hnuaia kan nihna, chanvo, dikna leh kan tih ve tur te hriat hi a ni a. Hmeichhiate hi mipa te aia hnuaihnung zawk leh dinhmun hniam zawka ding nia ngaihna a tam hle a, taksa chak zawng leh tih theih zawnga chhut chuan a dikna chin a awm a, amaherawhchu Dan leh hrai hnuaiah erawh chuan kan intluktlang vek a ni. Tunhma atang tawhin hmeichhiate hi pawikhawihna tuartu (victim of crimes) an lo ni fo tawh a, tun thleng pawh hian a la ni zel awm e. Tin, in leh ram roluah thu hlaah te, nupa leh nupa inkarah te pawh hmeichhiate hian dinhmun hnuaihnung zawk chelh anga ngaihna leh hriatna a lian hle a, a dikna engemaw chen awm ve bawk mahse, he ngaihdan hi Dan hriat mumal loh avanga ngaihdan mawl satliah ve mai niin a lang. India ramah phei chuan hmeichhiate hmuhsitna, tihduhdahna leh inthliarhranna a tam em avangin India sawrkar hian hmeichhiate dinhmun chawisan nan nasa takin hma ala a, dan thar tam tak a duangchhuak a, National Commission for Women hialte pawh a din a ni. Chung hmeichhiate tana dan awm leh hman mek te chu tun tum hian a langsar zual leh a tangkai zual hman mai thei ang chi te kan zir ho dawn a ni.

India Danpui leh Hmeichhiate:   Hmeichhia leh mipa te intluktlanna (gender equality) hi India sawrkar hian a ngaih pawimawh em avangin Constituton (Dan pui) ah pawh hmun pawimawh tak a chang a, Preamble, Fundamental Rights, Fundamental Duties leh Directive Principles of State Policy ah te ziahlan an ni hlawm a ni. India Danpui hian hmeichhiate hnenah intluktlanna a pe satliah mai ni lovin state sawrkar te chu hma laa an hmasawnna tur ruahmanna siam turin a ti theuh bawk a ni.

i)             Dan hmaah mipa leh hmeichhiate chu thuhmun reng an ni a, angkhata rorel sak tur a ni.( Article 14)

ii)            Sakhuana, hnam, nihna, pian leh murna, mipa leh hmeichhia nihna ang zawnga inthliarhranna siam hi State sawrkarte khap tlat a ni. Article 15

iii)          State sawrkar chuan hmeichhiate leh naupangte tan a bik takin dan a siam thei bawk. (Article 15 (3).

iv)          State sawrkar hnuaia office tinahnalak chungchangah diltu chu mipa an nih vang emaw hmeichhia an nih vang emawin induhsak bikna a awm tur a ni lo. (Article 16)

v)           Mipa leh hmeichhia ten hnathawh in ang rengah hlawh in ang an hmu/dawng tur a ni. (Article 39d)

vi)          State tinin nu nau pai mek leh nau neite tan chhawmdawlna a siam tur a ni (Article 42)

vii)        India rama mipui zawng zawngten in unauna rilru an put theih nana hmalak hi state mawhphurhna a ni a; hmeichhiate zahawmna ti chhe thei thil reng reng paihbo hi state mawhphurhna a ni bawk. (Article 51A(e)

viii)       Municipal Council a seat awm zawng zawng atanga hmun thum a thena hmun khat te chu hmeichhiate tan liau liaua dah a ni. (Article 243T (3)

Criminal Law leh Hmeichhiate:  Criminal law kan tih chu sawrkarin Indian Penal Code 1860 hmanga thil sual nia a puante an ni a, hremna pe theitu chu sawrkar bawk a ni. Sawrkar pawikhawihna awm thei tam tak zingah hmeichhiate laka pawihkhawihna te pawh ‘crime’ anga chhiar tel an ni a, a langsar zual i han chhui ho leh dawn teh ang:

1.   Pawngsual ( Sec 376 IPC) : Mipain a hnuaia tarlan anga hmeichhia a pawl chuan pawngsual a ni:

a)   Hmeichhe duhthlanna ni lovin

b)   A hriatna/phalna tel lovin

c)   A phalnain, chu phalna chu amah emaw a chhungte/thiante emaw thah emaw na tuar tir tura vauna avanga lak a nihin.

d)   A phalnain, mipain hmeichhia pasal a nilo tih a inhriata, hmeichhe pasal lem changa chu hmeichhia chu a bumin..

e)   A phalnain, chu phalna chu rilru lam kimlohna avang emaw ruihhlo ngaih avang emawa phalna a pe tih a inhriat lohin.

f)    A phalnain emaw, a phalna te loin emaw, kum 16 aia naupang a nih hrim hrim chuan.

A chunga tarlan anga mipain hmeichhia a pawngsual chuan kum 7 atanga kum 10 thleng lung in tan tir theih a ni, dam chhunga tang tura pawhsei theih a ni bawk.

2.   Nunrawnna (Sec 498A IPC):    Hmeichhia, a pasalin emaw a pasal chhungte in emaw a chunga thil an tih avanga mahni intihlum emaw, mahni intihnat duhna a neih phah emaw, a hriselna atana tha lo tur thil tih duhna a neih phah emaw, amah leh a chhungte atanga thil phut neih avanga tihduhdah anih chuan, chu a pasal emaw a chhungte emaw chu kum thum thleng lung in tan tirh theih an ni a, pawisa chawi tir theih an ni bawk.

3.   Inrukbo (kidnapping) Sec 361 IPC:    Mi tu pawhin hmeichhia kum 18 la tling lo te a enkawltu hriatna tel lo a a thlemchhuak emaw, ala bo emaw a nih chuan ‘kidnap’ a ni a, kum 7 thleng lung in tan tir theih a ni a, lei chawi tir theih an ni bawk.

4.   Zahawmna ti bawrhbang (Sec 354 IPC):   Mi tupawhin tharum hmang emaw hmanrua hmang emawa mihring zahawmna ti bawrhbang thei zawnga hmeichhia chunga kut a thlak chuan kum 2 lung in tan tir theih a ni a, lei chawi tir theih a ni bawk a, a pahniha hrem theih a ni bawk.

Tin Section 509 IPC naah chuan mi tupawhin hmeichhe zahawmna tichhiat tuma thu a sawi emaw, zaizirin a lantir emaw, lemziak leh thil dang engpawh a phhochhuak  emaw a nih chuan kum khat lung in tan tir theih a ni a, lei chawi tir theih a ni bawk a, a pahniha hrem kawp theih a ni bawk.

5.   Nau tihtlak tir (Sec 312 IPC):     Mi tupawhin, hmeichhe naupai lai, a paitu nunnain a tuar dawn vang nilova chhan dan avanga a naupai a tihtlak tir chuan, a tihtlak tirtu chu kum 7 thleng lung in tanga hrem theih a ni a, naupaitu hriat loh laia tihtlak tir/ tih tlak sak anih phei chuan kum 10 atanga dam chhung tang tura hrem theih a ni. Tin, nau tihtlak tir avanga a paitu nunna hialin a tawrh chuan a titu chu kum 10 atanga damchhung tang tura hrem leh lei chawi tir theih a ni.

6.   Nawhchizawrh tir (Sec 372 IPC) :      Mi tupawhin hmeichhia kum 18 la tling lo te nawhchizawrhna emaw an taksa atanga sum hailut thei tura a zuar/hralh/hawh chuan, kum 10 lung in tan tir theih a ni.

7.   Pasal nia inchhal (Sec 493 IPC):       Mi tupawhin minu, a pasal lema changin lawithlem sela emaw, bumna hmanga hmeichhia hnena a pasal anga a inchhal a, nupa nun hial a hman pui chuan kum 10 thleng lung in tan tir theih a ni.

8.   Hming thup tur (Sec 228A IPC): Pawngsual tuartu te hming reng reng hi vantlang hriata thup tur a ni a. Chanchinbu leh chanchinthara tihchhuah anih pawhin an hming langlo zawnga puanzar tur a ni. Chutiang tilui chu kum 2 thleng lung in tan tir theih a n ni.

9.   Pawikhawiha puh avanga hmeichhia man an niha, an thawmhnaw leh taksa dap a nghai a nih chuan, police, hmeichhia ngeiin a dap tur a ni a, fimkhur, hawihhawm leh zahawm takin a dap tur a ni. (Sec 51(2) CrPC)

10.       Nupui enkawlna/chawmna (Section 125 CrPC):      Criminal Code of Procedure 1973 chuan hmeichhia, naupang leh kum upa lam mahnia inenkawl thei lo te enkawlna dan Sec 125 naah a siam a. Mipain a nupui a enkawl duh loh chuan hmeichhia chuan Court ah zualkoin a pasal lak atanga enkawlna dawn a phut thei a, court-in a remtihpui chuan a pasal thlakhat hlawh zat/thawhchhuah zat milin a inenkawlna tur pe turin a pasal chu a ti thei a ni. Fa kum tling loten nu lama awm an thlan zawka Court pawhin a remtihpui chuan a fate enkawlna hi mipa/pa chuan a tum ngei ngei tur a ni.

11.       Protection of women from Domestic Violence Act 2005 hian hmeichhiate, hmeichhia an nih avang liau liaua venhimna dan a nei bawk a. He danina a tum ber chu, hmeichhiate hi mihring mihrinna taka chak lo zawk an nih avangin an nihna leh zahawmnate dan hmanga humhim leh venhimsak a ni. He dan bu Section 3 nain a sawi dan chuan hmeichhiate chu chhan awm lova tharum hmanga hliam emaw tihnat emaw phal a ni lova, an hriselna tichhe thei zawnga tih nat khap tlat a ni. Hei hian hmanrua emaw taksa bung eng emaw ber hmang emawa hmeichhe chunga kutthlak ang chi te a huam a. Nupuii chhungte laka thil hlu eng emaw phut avanga nupuite chunga kutthlak lek phei chu a case a rip hle  a ni. Tin, kut inthlak mai bak hian tawngkam na taka haute, nawmnah taka biak leh auhte, diriam taka an chungchang sawite, an zahawmna ti hniam thei zawnga tawngchhuah leh thiltihte pawh khap vek a ni. Hmeichhia an nih avanga an chan ai chhuhsakte, hmeichhia an nihna remchanga laa an thawh theih ve reng hna atanga lo dante pawh phal a ni lo. Heng kan sawi te hi domestic violence tih a ni a, a tuartu chuan Protection Officer kaltlangin emaw ama thuin emaw Magistrate hnenah complaint a thehlut thei a, Magistrate-in a thu thlente alo pawmpui chuan chutiang harsatna a laka thlentu hnenah chuan a thil tih bansan turin thuchhuah a siam thei a, zangnadawmna pe turin emaw hmeichhe chanai alo chhuhsak tawh chu pe kir leh turin emaw an thu a rem thei bawk a ni. Chutiang a nih hnua Magistrate thupek a zawm lo a nih chuan kum khat chhung lung in tan tir theih a ni a, Rs 20000/- thleng chawi tir theih a ni bawk a, a pahniha hrem kawp theih a ni bawk.

12.       The Information and Technology Act 2010 Section 67 chuan zahmawh rawngkai emaw, mi pangai/vantlang ngaih aia uchuaka hmeichhe nihna pholan a khap tlat bawk a. Hei hian hmeichhe che chhe lai thla lo lak ruka thehdarh te, an zahawmna hloh vek thei khawpa mualpho taka tlang than tir ang chi te a huam a; chutiang titu te chu man chhuah an nih chuan kum 5 atanga kum 10 thleng tan tir theih an ni a, cheng nuai 2 thleng chawi tir theih an ni bawk.

Civil Law leh Hmeichhiate: Civil Law tih hi mimal dan tih a ni bawk thin. Roluah chung chang thute, nupa inkara thubuai awmthei te, fa lak, fa chawm, in leh ram thubuai adt. te hi civil law an ni a. He thupui bikah hi chuan kan Hnam Dan (Customary Law) hian min phuar a, thubuai hla buai kan nei a nih pawhin Pawi Lakher Region Hnam Dan 1974 anga chinfel tur a ni. Kan Hnam Dan bua hmeichhiate dinhmun leh chanvo thenkhat lo tarlang leh ta ila:

1.   Nupui pasal inneih chungchangah (Sec 20): Nupui pasal innei chu palai hmanga mipa leh hmeichhe chhungte inbe rem a, inneihtir theituin a neihtir hi an ni. Chutianga innei lo chu dan hmaah nupaa pawm an ni lo.

a.   Falak -        Hmeichhiain pa hriat loh fa alo pai chuan pu fa a ni ang a, naute chu hmeichhia a nih chuan pasal a neih hunin a man Rs 60 a nuin a ei ve ang. A thuam nan a nuin engmah a seng lovang a, a lawi nan a pu emaw, a man eitu tur a piangten sen tul zawng zawng an seng ang. Mipa a nih chuan a duhna apiangah a awm thei ang a, a awmna apiangten nupui an nei sak ang.

b.   Man bo -    Hmeichhia, fa neih tawh sum chhuahin kal sela, sum pek vek tawh hnuin lunglen vangin emaw, fate ngaih vangin emaw let leh duh ta sela, chhungte remtihnain man bovin a lut leh thei ang. Lut leh a nih chuan a chhungten a man an thing thei lovang a, a thuam erawh chu a hlip tur a ni a, an tuithlar thei bawk. Hetiang tho hian hmeichhe uire pawh an let leh thei a ni.

c.   Nupui pawikhawih –    Hmeichhe pasal nei laiin thil a ruk chuan a pasalin a rul tur a ni. Lung in tanna thama lian pawi a khawih erawh chuan amahin a tuar ngei tur a ni. Tin, hmeichhia, uirein emaw, suahsualna dang lakah miin puhin a puhtuin lei chawi sela, nutain emaw man eitu apiangin an dawng ang. Mipat hmeichhiatna lam tih loh kawng dangah hmeichhia miin puhin a puhtuin lei chawi sela, chu erawh chu a pasalin a tel thung ang.

d.   Nupui tlan koh – Nupui nei laiin nula dang nupuia neih a duh avangin a nupui ma se la, nula chuan inneih duh leh ta si lo sela, a nupui tlan chu a kohsak tur a ni. A nupui chu haw duh ta lo se, sumchhuah theih a ni lo.

2.   Inthen chungchang (Sec 34-43):            Tupawhin a nupui ma sela,  mak hnuah man ba pek a ngai tawh lo. Amaherawhchu, a puin a delh hman tawh a nih chuan pu man chu a chawi tho vang. Hmeichhia, a pasal ram danga a kal bo hlanin ama thuin chhuak ta se la, dan pangai chuan sum chhuah tur a ni. A pasal chuan a lo hawin hruai duh lo sela, mak angin a kal ang a, koh hnuaa hmeichhia a haw duh loh a nih chuan sumchhuah a ni ang. Nupui pasal inneih hnuin mi lo a ta sela, a a lo zawk chuan kum thum a enkawl tur a ni. Kum thum ral hmaa an inkal tir chuan ma anga ngaih tur a ni a, kum thum ral hnua a atna ala reh lo a nih chuan peksa changin inkaltir theih a ni. Tin, hmeichhia, a pasala chhungten an ma thei lo a, a ma thei tu chu pasal chauh a ni.

3.   Ro luah chungchang (Sec 89): Dan naranin kan Lai danah chuan hmeichhia ten pa ro an khawm thiang lo. Ro luahtu chu fapa upa ber a ni a, unau mipa pahnih emaw pathum emaw lai awm se, ro chu an insem tur a ni a, a upa ber hminga rokhawmna chu a kal avangin a niin a chang tam ber ang, tin, miin fapa a neih loh chuan a unauten a ro an khawm sak thin. Hmeichhiaiin fa nei lovin pasal sun sela, a pasala thihsan ro chungah chuan Court in awm a tih angin ro a sem thei ang.. Amaherawhchu, pain ‘thurochhiah’ hmanga hmeichhe fa hnena ro a pek chuan a nuta ten an sawisel thiang lo.

Awle, dan hnuaia hmeichhiate dinhmun langsar leh tangkai zualte a tlangpuiin kan sawi zawr zawr a ni a, heng bakah hian tam tak sawi sen loh leh sawi hmaih palh te pawh a awm thei ang. Thi engpawh ti ila, dan hmanga tih/chinfel hi a fin thlak a, a hnua buai leh zelna tur min pumpelhtir thin a ni. Chuvang chuan min phuartu dan awm thei ang angte hi phak ang tawka inzira hriat theuh hi kan tum tur a ni. Court hmaah chuan ‘chumi khami dan chu alo awm a ni tih ka lo hre lo alawm’ tih hi chhuanlam tling a ni lo.

          Ka lawm e.

(A Seminar paper presented on LWA Day, 24^th April 2010 at Cheural)